Destroyer destroyers of the project 956 "Sarych": the last destroyers of the USSR

The destroyers of Project 956 are third-generation Soviet destroyers, the construction of which lasted from 1976 to 1992. Ships of this project were the last destroyers built in the USSR. The code of the project 956 - "Sarych", in NATO they were called Sovremenny class destroyer - by the name of the first ship of this series, the destroyer "Modern".

Construction of project 956 ships was carried out at the plant number 190 them. Zhdanov in Leningrad, the customer of the last ships of the series was already the Russian Navy. Today, the Russian fleet includes six Sarych destroyers: three in service, two in reserve, and another ship undergoing scheduled maintenance.

After the collapse of the USSR, the laying of new ships of the project 956 "Sarych" was stopped due to insufficient funding, two ships were completed for the Navy of the People's Republic of China on the export project 956-E (1997-2000), in the zero years for the Chinese were made two "Sarycha" on the modernized project 956-EM.

It was originally planned that the destroyers of Project 956 would be the most widespread, not only in its class, but throughout the Soviet fleet. In total, they planned to build about fifty. In total, 17 destroyers of the “Sarych” project entered service with the USSR Navy (and then Russia).

History of creation

The destroyer (destroyer) is a class of multi-purpose, high-speed maneuverable ships capable of solving a large number of combat missions: combat submarines, destroy enemy aircraft (including missiles), work on enemy surface ships, cover ships and escort convoys. Also, destroyers can be used during amphibious operations, carrying patrol and reconnaissance services, setting minefields.

The first destroyers appeared in the late XIX century. At that time, their main task was to destroy enemy destroyers with the help of powerful artillery weapons. The prefix "squadron" meant that these ships can act as part of a ship connection in the sea or ocean zone.

Destroyers were actively used during the First and Second World War. A wide range of tasks that could solve these ships, significantly increased their importance in the fleet. The displacement of modern destroyers is approximately equal to the cruisers of the Second World War, but much more powerful than them. The role of destroyers after the appearance of rocket weapons grew even more.

In the early 60s in the USSR begins the active development of the surface fleet. In the 50s, a large number of large surface ships were scrapped, the main focus was on the submarine fleet and missiles. It was a clear mistake.

In the 1960s, the USSR Navy became oceanic, a whole range of new tasks were set before it: guarding patrol areas of Soviet missile submarines, tracking strategic enemy submarines, detecting and investigating enemy aircraft carrier groups, controlling maritime communications, and conducting foreign policy actions.

For carrying out such tasks, aircraft carriers would be best suited, but their construction was very expensive. The Soviet alternative to the aircraft carriers became large anti-submarine ships (BOD), but they should be covered with escort ships, which were badly lacking. In addition, the destroyers, which at that time were in service with the USSR Navy, were already considered obsolete. The ships of the projects 3 bis, 56, 68-K and 68 bis did not have rocket armament and could not withstand their foreign counterparts. Especially clearly all of the above showed the large ocean maneuvers "Ocean", held in 1970.

The Soviet fleet needed a modern destroyer with powerful artillery and rocket armament and capable of acting both as part of ship groups and independently.

The creation of such a ship was provided for in the shipbuilding program for 1971-1980, which was adopted in 1969. The military wanted the new destroyer to take part in amphibious operations, destroy small targets on the coast, suppress enemy antiamphibious defenses, and provide antiaircraft defense in the landing zone. The future destroyer was called the "assault landing ship". The destroyer of the project 56 was chosen as its prototype, therefore the new project was assigned the number 956.

Work on the creation of a new destroyer started in 1971 and progressed rather slowly.

The fact is that customers several times changed the purpose of the ship right in the design process. A strong influence on the Soviet military had a program to create American destroyers Spruance - the first truly multi-purpose ships of the US Navy. It was the appearance of such a program among the Americans that helped to turn the “assault ship” into a multipurpose destroyer.

In addition, the destroyers of Project 956 were planned to be used in conjunction with the BOD of Project 1155. Soviet strategists believed that together they would be more efficient than a pair of American destroyers Spruance.

The preliminary design of the new ship was developed by the Leningrad TsKB-53 (Northern PKB). In the course of carrying out the work, the designers were assigned more and more new tasks, options for arming the ship and the type of its power plant were constantly changing. Developers limited the capacity of the shipyard them. Zhdanova, where they planned to build new destroyers: its length should not exceed 146 meters, and its width - 17 meters.

A total of thirteen variants of pre-draft projects were made, all of them were carefully studied in terms of combat effectiveness and cost.

As a result, the following requirements were put forward for the future destroyer:

• steam turbine power plant (EU);
• the presence in the armament of the anti-ship missile "Moskit";
• SAM "Hurricane";
• accommodation on the deck of the helicopter pad for the Ka-252;
• availability of AK-130 artillery mounts.

The draft was approved by Admiral Gorshkov at the end of 1972. However, after that, the project continued to be amended. The steam turbine power plant has been replaced by a boiler-turbine, which is recognized by many experts as a rather unfortunate decision.

As the main hydroacoustic complex of the future destroyer, the Platinum State Joint-Stock Company was chosen. It was not possible to install a more sophisticated “Polynom” complex on “Sarychi” due to the significant mass-dimensional characteristics of the latter.

For this reason, the ships of the project 956 and could not get closer to the capabilities of the PLO of the American destroyer Spruance, but the Soviet ship was significantly superior to its opponent in the power of artillery weapons.

The result of all improvements and changes was an increase in ship displacement per thousand tons. The development of the project destroyer 956 cost the Soviet budget 165.6 thousand rubles.

November 1, 1973 began designing a new ship, the following year with the shipyard them. Zhdanov formal contract was signed for the construction of ships. The cost of design engineering was 2.22 million rubles.

In June 1975, construction began on the first ship of the project 956 - the destroyer "Sovremennaya". The project "Sarych" was completed in 1993, when the last ship of this series was received by representatives of the Russian Navy.

Initially in 1976 it was planned to build from 32 to 50 destroyers "Sarych", that is, the project 956 was to become one of the most popular in the history of the Soviet fleet. In 1988, the number of ships was reduced to twenty units. However, 17 destroyers of this project were transferred to the entire Soviet and Russian fleet. On average, each destroyer of Project 956 was built for four years.

There was an attempt to set up production at the shipyard named after 61 Communards in Nikolaev. They even began to build a new boathouse and received documentation from the Northern PKB, but in 1986 they abandoned this idea, and the two destroyer corps already laid down were mothballed.

Until the collapse of the Soviet Union, 14 destroyers of Project 956 were transferred to the navy, and three more ships were completed for the Russian Navy (Restless, Persistent, and Fearless).

The construction of the ships of the project 956 "Sarych" was carried out using the sectional method of building the hull. The cost of one destroyer (at the time of the construction of the lead and two subsequent ships) was more than 90 million rubles. The price of construction of subsequent ships dropped to 71 million rubles.

The project destroyer 956 was created exclusively for the needs of the Soviet Navy. It was the newest ship, and no one was going to sell it abroad. However, after the collapse of the USSR, the situation has changed: insufficient funding forced us to look for customers on the side. In addition, by the beginning of the 90s, the weapons of the “Sarychey” were somewhat outdated.

In the mid-90s, an export version of the destroyer, 956E, was created. In 1999, the first Sarych entered the PRC Navy. It is armed with anti-ship missiles with a slightly longer range (up to 200 km), instead of four AK-630s, it has two Kashtan missile-artillery complexes, no aft artillery mount, but a full-fledged helicopter hangar. The ship's displacement is slightly increased. Until 2006, four destroyers of Project 956E and 956EM were built for China.

Description of construction

Domestic and foreign researchers of fleet history note that almost all warships created in the Northern PKB have a characteristic “spectacular” appearance. Project 956 is no exception. In the descriptions of the appearance of the destroyers of this project often use the definition of "aggressive", "ominous", "expressive". And this can hardly be considered an accident.

Warships are not only a tool for fighting at sea, they are also a serious geopolitical tool, a symbol of the power of the country, the flag of which they represent. The military fleet is a means of political persuasion and influence, a demonstration of the achievements of the country's scientific and technological development and the power of its economy.

Naturally, the "expressiveness" of the appearance of the ship should not reduce its combat effectiveness. However, the ships of Project 956 are fine with this: most experts believe that the destroyers of this series are an example of the perfect combination of high functional qualities and aesthetic perfection.

The destroyers "Sarych" have a long-deck construction with a sheer nose. The hull shape reliably ensures that the deck is not overcrowded and the optimum angles of fire for the ship’s artillery weapons. The hull contours provide nezalevaemoy when the waves to 6-7 points. The coefficient of elongation of the deck is 8.7. The hull of the ship is made with regard to the requirements of reducing the radar visibility of the ship, although it should be noted that the destroyers "Sarych" do not belong to the "stealth-ships."

In the forward part of the body, in the underbelt bulba, is the antenna of the SJSC "Platina".

The side sail area of ​​the destroyer is 1700 m2. Decks are placed parallel to the waterline, which simplified the installation of equipment during construction and made the destroyers of Project 956 more technological.

Fifteen main bulkheads divide the hull into sixteen watertight compartments. Project 956 ships have six decks: the second, third and upper decks, the forecastle deck, two platforms, one of which smoothly passes into the floor of the second floor. The main structures of the hull, reinforcements and foundations are made of low-alloy steel. From the stern to the engine room there are two longitudinal bulkheads, they provide additional rigidity of the stern of the ship. Destroyer pads have a significant collapse, which increases the stability of the ship.

The destroyers of Project 956 have high seaworthiness (seaworthiness is unlimited). Sailors can use airborne armament systems at a sea state of up to five points. Ships are equipped with pitching dampers. With a sea of ​​six points, destroyers are able to develop a course of up to 24 knots.

The superstructures of the Project 956 ships are made of an aluminum-magnesium alloy, they are connected to the hull and decks by rivets.

The superstructure of the ship can be divided into two large blocks: fore and aft. The bow end ends with a foremast, and the stern consists of a block with a chimney and a sliding hangar on which the maintower is located.

The standard displacement of the destroyer is 6500 tons, the total displacement is 7940 tons, with an overload - 8480 tons.

The power plant destroyers project 956 consists of two boiler-turbine units GTZA-674 (total capacity of 100 thousand liters. Pp.), Located in two engine rooms - fore and aft. It should be noted that the “Sarych” is the only third-generation warships in the world with a power-turbine power plant.

The turbo-gear unit has a control system that is able to regulate the rotational speed in different operating modes of the plant. In each of the engine rooms there are two boilers and a steam turbine. On all destroyers, starting with the seventh ("Resistant"), more reliable boilers KVG-3 were installed. Despite this, the boilers are called the weakest point of the ships of this series. They are very demanding to the water supplied, often fail.

The water treatment system installed on the project ships does not adequately ensure the quality of the water, which led to rapid deterioration of the boilers. Unlike nuclear submarines, it is open, that is, it communicates with atmospheric air.

The experience of using high-pressure boilers showed that the domestic fleet (both Soviet and Russian) is not yet ready to switch to such power plants.

In addition to the main ones, an additional emergency boiler, which can produce 14,000 kg of steam, is included in the ship’s propulsion system. The destroyer has two shafts and two small-joint propellers. The maximum speed of the ships of this project is 33.4 knots. The fuel reserve is 1.7 thousand tons, which provides a navigation distance of 3,900 nautical miles.

The steering unit consists of a hydraulic machine and a semi-balanced steering wheel.

The destroyers of Project 956 are equipped with two steam generators (with a total power of 2500 kW) and two diesel generators (600 kW each), which provide ships with electricity.

Under normal conditions, the crew size is 296 people, including 25 officers and 48 midshipmen. In wartime, the ship crew increased to 358 people. On the destroyers "Sarych" comfortable conditions have been created for the crew: single and double cabins are equipped for officers, and double and four-seater cabins for midshipmen. The sailors are placed in sixteen cabin for 10-25 people each. One person has more than three square meters of living space.

On board there is a separate mess-room for feeding officers, another one is intended for feeding midshipmen and several canteens where sailors take food. On board there are several showers and a sauna. The crew has a library, a cinema hall, cable TV, there is even a national pool.

All living and working spaces of the destroyer are equipped with air conditioning, it provides comfortable conditions for the crew in the temperature range from −25 ° C to +34 ° C. It should be noted that the destroyers of Project 956 compare favorably with other ships of Soviet and Russian construction in terms of living conditions for the crew.

The autonomy of the destroyers "Sarych" for stocks of provisions is 30 days.

Armament

The Sarych anti-aircraft missile armament consists of the Uragan M-22 air defense missile system, which is a naval modification of the Buk complex. On ships of later construction, the Uragan-Tornado air defense system was installed. Two launchers of anti-aircraft missiles are on the bow (super-low forecastle superstructure) and at the stern (behind the landing ground) of the ship. The mass of each air defense system is 96 tons, the total ammunition - 48 guided missiles, which are located in the cellars on special drums.

The characteristics of the Uragan air defense missile system allow simultaneously firing at 4-6 targets at altitudes from 10 to 1 thousand meters and at a distance of up to 25 km. The capabilities of the Uragan-Tornado air defense system are even more impressive: the maximum damage range is 70 km. The rate of fire - one rocket launch in 6-12 seconds. The probability of hitting an aircraft with a volley of two missiles ranges from 0.81-0.96, a cruise missile - 0.43-0.86.

The destroyers of the “Sarych” project have powerful artillery armament, consisting of two twin AK-130 artillery systems (130 mm caliber) and rapid-fire anti-aircraft artillery, which is the last line of air defense of ships. Also, the composition of the artillery armament destroyers includes a multi-channel fire control system MR-184, consisting of a radar, laser rangefinder, television and a ballistic computer.

Each gun mount has a mechanized supply of ammunition, which allows it to fire at a rate of 30 to 90 rounds per minute over a distance of over 24 km. The ammunition for each barrel is 500 rounds, of which 180 are always ready for use.

Автоматизация процессов загрузки и подачи боеприпасов позволяет вести огонь до полного исчерпания боекомплекта.

Вес одной артустановки составляет 98 тонн.

Скорострельная зенитная артиллерия эсминцев проекта 956 состоит из двух батарей автоматических комплексов АК-630М. Батареи располагаются с каждого борта корабля и предназначены для уничтожения крылатых ракет на малых высотах. В состав каждой из батарей входит по две шестиствольные артустановки с вращающимся блоком стволов и СУ "Вымпел". Дальность стрельбы АК-630М - 4 км, темп стрельбы 4 тыс. выстрелов в минуту.

Главное противокорабельное оружие эсминца "Сарыч" - противокорабельные ракеты "Москит". На "Беспокойном" и всех последующих кораблях проекта установлен модернизированный комплекс "Москит-М". Эсминцы проекта 956 имеют по две неподвижные пусковые установки, в каждой из которых размещено по четыре ПКР "Москит".

Дальность поражения цели у "Москита" составляет 140 км, а у "Москита-М" - 170 км. Ракеты имеют боевую массу весом в 300 кг и развивают в полете скорость до M=2,5-3. Корабль может выпустить все восемь ракет всего за 30 секунд.

На верхней палубе эсминцев установлены два двухтрубных торпедных аппарата калибра 533 мм. Минное вооружение представлено двумя реактивными минометами РБУ-1000, которые могут вести огонь на дистанции в 1 тыс. метров. Бомбометы расположены в кормовой части корабля. Их основная задача - уничтожение подводных лодок противника на малых глубинах в непосредственной близости от корабля. Боевая часть каждой из реактивных бомб - 98 кг. Эсминцы проекта 956 могут устанавливать мины заграждения (на борт принимается до 22 мин).

У эсминцев проекта 956 нет постоянно вертолетного ангара, но предусмотрен временный, сдвижной. В нем может базироваться вертолет Ка-27. Вертолетная площадка расположена практически по центру корабля, поэтому на нее оказывает меньшее влияние килевая качка.

Вертолет можно использовать для противолодочной борьбы, также он может проводить разведку и давать целеуказание для противокорабельных ракет.

На эскадренных миноносцах "Сарыч" установлены несколько типов радиолокационных станций: "Фрегат", "Фрегат-М" и "Фрегат-МА". Для загоризонтного обнаружения объектов противника и целеуказания используется система "Мост", она может осуществлять поиск на дистанциях до 200 км. Целеуказание для противокорабельного ракетного комплекса выдает система "Минерал", она имеет и активный, и пассивный радиолокационный канал. Корабль может принимать целеуказание от самолетов или вертолетов.

На эсминцах проекта 9566 отсутствует бортовая информационно-управляющая система, ее функции выполняет планшет обстановки "Сапфир-У".

Корабли проекта 956 оснащены комплексом средств радиоэлектронной борьбы, в который входят средства радиотехнической разведки и система постановки помех, а также средства пассивного и активного противодействия.

Эсминцы проекта 956 имеют продуманную систему обеспечения живучести. Вокруг потенциально опасных помещений корабля (погреба, машинное отделение) созданы противопожарные отделения за счет усиления корпуса стальными конструкциями.

Есть противопожарная магистраль с несколькими насосами, системы объемного пожаротушения, пенотушения, водяного орошения сходов и переборок. Также на корабле имеют системы быстрого орошения и затопления погребов.

Для устранения водной угрозы на кораблях проекта имеются: системы осушения, водоотлива и балансировки цистерн. Есть система внешнего обмыва в случае заражения внешних поверхностей.

Броневой защитой (противоосколочной) обеспечены только артиллерийские установки и ПУ ПКР "Москит".

Корабли проекта 956 "Сарыч"

Характеристики

Оценка проекта

Эскадренные миноносцы проекта 956 "Сарыч" создавались в эпоху Холодной войны, и основным их оппонентом в Мировом океане был американский корабль аналогичного класса Spruance. Этот эсминец ВМС США и его характеристики оказали большое влияние на будущий облик "Сарычей". Шло соревнование между двумя сверхдержавами и советские адмиралы требовали, чтобы наш корабль был не хуже.

Первое, что бросается в глаза, это различие в силовых установках двух кораблей. Причем газотурбинная энергетическая установка Spruance выглядит гораздо предпочтительней и по характеристикам, и по своей надежности. Американская энергетическая установка может выйти на полную мощность за двенадцать минут, советскому эсминцу для этого необходимо полтора часа.

Артиллерийское вооружение, безусловно, мощнее у советского корабля (изначально он проектировался, как корабль поддержки десанта), но американский эсминец превосходит его в средствах для противолодочной борьбы. Изначально более мощным ракетным вооружением обладал "Сарыч", но после модернизации на Spruance были установлены универсальные ПУ для ракет "Томагавк", что дало значительное преимущество американцу.

Однако в настоящее время основным эсминцем США являются корабли типа "Арли Берк". Этот корабль был спроектирован в середине 80-х годов и значительно превосходит корабли проекта 956 практически по всем показателям. "Арли Берк" - это эсминец четвертого поколения, поэтому сравнивать его с "Сарычем" не слишком корректно.

Watch the video: 1350 Trumpeter Project 956 Sovremenny-class destroyers (December 2024).